The LS -A command lists all data, including hidden files (dot-files). Unless you have enabled the “show hidden files feature.” In Linux systems, hidden files are those that start with a dot(.) letter. In every operating system, we have hidden files and folders that are not displayed even with the LS -L command. Column seven: It represents the original name of the file or directory as given by the user.Column six: This is the column that deals with time stamps on the file-the date of creation and modifications.Column five: It represents the size of the directory or file.This column represents the group to which the owner belongs. Column four: In Linux systems, users are associated with different groups.Column three: It represents the owner or user who created the file.Column two: Indicates the number of blocks of memory taken by the file.Column One: It shows the file type and the user permissions assigned to the file.We will look at every single column and what it represents. LS -L Command Imageįrom the above image, we see the information listed under seven columns. Let’s look at the image below before getting to every column and data presented. The LS -L command lists files and directories together with additional information like permissions, owner, date of creation, etc. List files and Directories using the LS -L ls -l LS command Imageįrom the above image, we ran the LS command on the Desktop, and it listed all the files present. It only lists files in a directory without any further information like permissions and file owner. It is one of the basic LS commands that every Linux user executes daily. List files and directory without additional options ls The hidden file is still listed, but the “.” and “.” entries are suppressed.It is not a surprise that we use the LS command daily, but have we exhausted all the options that come with this great utility? In this article, we will look at 13 LS commands that may be of help in your everyday interaction with Linux systems. If you don’t want your listing cluttered up with the “.” and “.” entries, but you do want to see hidden files, use the -A (almost all) option: ls -l -A ![]() ![]() A file called “.base_settings” is now visible for the first time. The two entries “.” and “.” represent the current directory and the parent directory, respectively. To see hidden files, use the -a (all) option: ls -l -a To see the file sizes in the most appropriate units (Kilobytes, Megabytes, etc.) use the -h (human-readable) option: ls -l -h ![]() Having the file sizes in bytes is not always convenient. They are followed by the file size and the date of the last modification of the file. The name of the owner and group are displayed next. If this is set, regardless of the write and executable privileges that are set on the files in the directory, only the file owner, the directory owner, or the root user can rename or delete files in the directory. The execution permission for the others can sometimes be represented by a t. When used with a directory, any files created inside it will take their group permissions from the directory they’re being created in, not from the user who is creating the file. When this is applied to a file, it means the file will be executed with the privileges of the ower’s group. The execution permission for the group can also be an s. If it is present, it means that the file is executed with the privileges of the file owner, not the user executing the file. Sometimes the execution permission for the owner is represented by an s. The second set of three permissions are for group members, and the last set of three permissions is for others. The first set of three characters are the permissions for the file owner.
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